In tragedy, what does 'nemesis' refer to?

In the context of tragedy, 'nemesis' refers specifically to retribution or punishment that befalls the tragic hero as a consequence of their actions, particularly their hubris or moral failures. This concept is pivotal in classical tragic narratives, where the hero often experiences a downfall due to their own choices, leading to unavoidable consequences. Nemesis serves as a form of poetic justice, showcasing how characters who rise too high or defy moral boundaries ultimately face dire outcomes. This is essential in emphasizing themes of morality, fate, and the human condition in tragic literature.

Understanding this concept is crucial for analyzing the structure and themes of tragedies, as it highlights the inevitable journey from greatness to downfall, reinforcing the notion that one's actions have consequences in the moral universe of the narrative.